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Showing posts with label stroke. Show all posts
Showing posts with label stroke. Show all posts

Tuesday, December 29, 2020

Core Exercises for Stroke Patients to Improve Balance and Walking (Gait)


https://youtu.be/dGBqTLtdVuA 



Seated Core Exercises


https://youtu.be/twZ1hnetOP8


13.9K subscribers

The best way to improve balance after stroke is with core exercises. You can also download 13 pages of free rehab exercises here: https://flnt.rehab/2JGii7r

These core exercises for stroke patients are guided by Cassi, DPT (Doctor of Physical Therapy).

Cassi's core exercises are relatively easy and will help you improve your balance and gait (manner of walking).

To get more information on stroke recovery, download our FREE ebook here:https://flnt.rehab/2zg3yt0

Best Hand Exercises for Stroke Patients at Home

https://youtu.be/i0JYsLyJEnE 

These hand exercises for stroke patients are guided by Barbara, OTA. You can also download 13 pages of free rehab exercises here: https://flnt.rehab/2JGii7r



Best Stroke Recovery Hand Exercises - Stage 1


https://youtu.be/ZKR1nOtCNKU 

Dr. Scott Thompson shares the best stroke recovery hand exercises. Use these hand exercises and hand therapy tools to advance your stroke recovery. 

Full Body Rehab Exercise Guides

Thanks for signing up for our free stroke rehab exercises. To download the PDF exercise guides ebook, click the button below:

Download My Free Rehab Exercise Ebook!

We hope you get good use from the ebook!

Now let's back up a bit... Who is the company behind the stroke recovery blog and ebook?

Hello there!

We are so happy to have you here. We are Flint Rehab, and we're pretty passionate about stroke rehabilitation.

And we're even more passionate about helping stroke survivors just like you achieve a higher recovery.

Because we believe that...

  • ...You can defy the odds and achieve a higher recovery - if you believe in yourself.
  • ...Stroke education is of the utmost importance because it can help you achieve that higher recovery. 
  • ...Emotional healing is just as important as physical healing, so we always talk about both.
  • ...Regaining movement after stroke does not have to be boring.

That's why we pour so much energy into both maintaining an extensive stroke education blog and creating fun, effective rehabilitation devices.

What to Expect from Us

To help boost your stroke education, we send a newsletter every Monday that contains brand new stroke recovery articles.

Two of them are usually brand spankin' new, and the other 3 are goodies pulled from the archives.

Since our archives contain 300+ stroke recovery articles, our Monday newsletter is the best way to stay on top of our best stuff.

Do you think we're a good match?

If so, we'll help catch you up to speed by sending you a quick lesson on the best way to massively improve movement after stroke.

If you aren't interested, we understand. You can opt out here or at the bottom of any email at any time. No hard feelings!

For those who stick around, we're really happy to have you here!

Your resource for recovery,
​The team at Flint Rehab

Sunday, December 27, 2020

That calf of yours


These calf raises required no equipment and one of the simplest exercises to tone your muscles - photo: 123rf.com


STOP Calf Pain | Best Stretches For Calves

https://youtu.be/D327Pwt-ONs

11 Easy Exercises to Slim Your Legs In 2 Weeks

https://youtu.be/YGTCKQU4E7Y


 

Some like them big, some like them small, but either way, the size of your calves can tell a lot about your health.

MEN take pride in having them big, but women want them slender.

It’s a skeletal muscle group that’s difficult to bulk or trim, even though it’s one of the most used in daily tasks.

If you’re unsure which muscles these are, I’m referring to the calves.

Genetics and anatomical structure play a significant role in how the muscle is shaped and how large it can grow.

The calves comprise of two main muscles: the outer gastrocnemius (known as the calf belly with two “heads”, i.e. medial head and lateral head), and the underlying soleus, which is the smaller of the two.

Together, they are responsible for bending the ankle joint upwards (dorsiflexion) and straightening it to point your toes (plantarflexion).

These two muscles taper and merge at the base of the calf muscle, and attach to the heel bone (calcaneus) via the Achilles tendon.

During walking, running or jumping, the calf muscles pull the heel up to allow the body to propel forward.

There is also another small muscle that runs beneath the gastrocnemius and soleus, called the plantaris.

It has a short belly and a long, thin tendon that connects to the Achilles tendon.

Functionwise, the plantaris muscle assists the gastrocnemius, but not significantly.

In fact, in 10% of the population, this muscle is completely absent.

Bigger or smaller?

Basically, the size of your calf muscles is determined by how far your heel bone (calcaneus) projects backwards, i.e. its length.

The longer this bone is, the smaller your calves.

In one 2011 study, researchers studied individuals of similar height, weight, lower limb length and foot length, and discovered that the ones with shorter calcanei had bigger calves.

Meanwhile, those with longer calcanei had more slender calves.

They also looked at the muscle recruitment patterns and found that people with shorter heels and big calves were using their medial gastrocnemius muscle more than the lateral gastrocnemius muscle while walking.

In contrast, those with longer calcanei had more evenly distributed calf contractions.

People with skinny ankles (small girth) will not be able to build bulk in their calves, although they have a lot more agility than their counterparts with thicker ankles.

Sprinters generally have bigger calves due to the extraordinary amounts of explosive power required to sprint short distances.

Long distance runners, on the other hand, tend to have slender, toned calf and leg muscles.

In fact, the calves in animals that move fast are practically non-existent.

Sausage legs

There is no ideal or normal proportion for the calves and ankle – it depends on what is beautiful to the eye.

Aesthetically, we are all wired to desire ankles that are smaller than the calves.

However, there is a condition where the ankle is just as thick or slighter thinner than the calf, making the lower leg look like a cylinder.

This “cankle” – a combination of the words “calf” and “ankle” – is not a medical term, but a word made popular in 2001 when Jason Alexander’s character in the movie Shallow Hal used it to criticise an overweight woman’s lower leg, saying, “It’s like the calf merged with the foot, cut out the middleman.”

When you have cankles, you’ll find it hard to differentiate the calf from the ankle. Some people call this “sausage legs”.

Women are more prone to this as it seems to run in the female line, with mothers, sisters and other female relatives tending to have the same lower leg shape.

Unfortunately, there is just so much you can do to alter it through natural means besides losing the fat that is covering the ankle.

Sometimes, however, these cankles are due to medical conditions like excessive water retention, kidney disease, bad sprains and surgery.

The calves are prone to tightening and cramping, especially after a workout, so be sure to stretch them out.

If your ankles remain swollen over a long period, do seek medical advice as it could be the sign of something sinister, like heart failure.

Managing those muscles

If you’re genetically predisposed to having big calves and don’t want to bulk further, the best you can do is to scale back on high intensity, skipping, plyometric and heavy weight-bearing exercises as they contribute to hypertrophy or muscle growth.

Also, don’t walk, hike or run up on an incline (e.g. hills or uneven surfaces) as these activities force your calf muscles to work harder.

They will definitely get stronger, but could also get bigger.

Instead, stick to running on flat surfaces.

To build your calf muscles, there are only two types of effective, yet simple exercises: heel or calf raises with knees straight (for the gastrocnemius) and with knees bent (for the soleus).

Start with one set of 12-15 repetitions with your feet parallel first.

Then turn your feet out (toes pointed out or away from the body) for the next set.

For the last set, turn your feet in. This forces your muscles to work from different angles.

To target the soleus muscle, repeat the entire sequence seated, perhaps with a light dumbbell on your thighs.

Do three sets, but only with your feet parallel.

You may not see noticeable bulk, but you’ll see some tone and more definition.

Stretch and soak

The calves are prone to tightening and cramping, especially after a workout, so be sure to stretch them afterwards.

The simplest way to do this is to stand at the edge of a step and place the balls of your feet on it.

Keep your legs straight (use the wall or railing for support) and reach your heels to the floor until you feel the stretch in your calves and Achilles tendon. This stretches your gastrocnemius muscles.

To stretch your soleus, do this with one knee bent, then repeat on the other side.

In addition, you can try soaking your lower leg in warm, salt water for 15 to 20 minutes before patting dry with a towel.

Then, apply some oil or lotion to self-massage the calves using stroking motions towards your hip.

Depending on your preference, you can use your fingers, palms, heel of your hand or knuckles.

Strong pressure reduces tension and pain in your muscles, while using a light pressure is more relaxing, especially before you retire for the night.

Benefits in all sizes

Fret not if your calves are big because there are some health benefits associated with it, according to a 2008 study published in the Stroke journal.

Apparently, regardless of age, gender, body mass index (BMI) and other vascular risk factors, those with bigger calves have fewer fatty deposits known as plaques built up in their arteries, thus lowering their risk for stenosis, carotid artery disease and strokes.

Researchers suspect this may be because big calves give the body another place to store fat that could cause problems when they’re floating in the bloodstream.

At the same time, people with bulky calves could also be more prone to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease as the calves act as a proxy for fat deposits.

In a 2013 study in the Journal of Physical Therapy Science, researchers concluded that the smaller a person’s calves are, the higher their resting heart rates might be.

In general, high resting heart rates, or anything above 100 beats per minute, have been linked to an increased risk of death, regardless of physical fitness.

A normal resting heart rate for adults ranges from 60 to 100 beats per minute.

A lower heart rate at rest implies more efficient heart function and better cardiovascular fitness.

So, all is fair whether you have big calves or small.

On that note, here’s to a brighter 2021!

By Revathi Murugappan, who is a certified fitness trainer who tries to battle gravity and continues to dance to express herself artistically and nourish her soul. For more information, email starhealth@thestar.com.my. The information contained in this column is for general educational purposes only. Neither The Star nor the author gives any warranty on accuracy, completeness, functionality, usefulness or other assurances as to such information. The Star and the author disclaim all responsibility for any losses, damage to property or personal injury suffered directly or indirectly from reliance on such information.

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Related posts:

Exercises for Stroke Patients 

When A Stroke Strikes

Attacking the brain

Sunday, October 25, 2020

Better access for stroke patients, and Helping stroke survivors in a pandemic

Knowing the Signs of Stroke Can Save Lives - Avera Health

Learn More Stroke Warning Signs and Symptoms | American ...

How to recognise signs of a stroke, and what to do to minimise ...

The Health Ministry is mulling over an additional six stroke centres by 2024, while more medical teams will be trained by the Malaysia Stroke Council to address the lack of neurologists to treat the condition.

WHEN it comes to stroke, every second counts.

The bigger the delay in getting treated, the smaller the chances of full recovery.

In fact, two million brain cells die every minute until blood flow is restored.

“In other words, time is brain.

“The more time passes, the more brain cells are lost and may not be re-generated, ” says Malaysia Stroke Council president Assoc Prof Dr Hoo Fan Kee.

As it will be World Stroke Day this Thursday (Oct 29), there’s a need to look into main issues involving the disease here – the lack of neurologists to treat patients and limited access to stroke centres, especially in rural areas.

The good news is steps are underway to smoothen the road ahead for patients.

Currently, there are a total of 61 public and private stroke centres in Malaysia, according to Dr Hoo.

“It’s almost a double-fold increase from 34 in 2017.

“But we still need about 90 centres in the country, ” Dr Hoo adds.

For this, the Health Ministry is proposing to increase the number of public stroke centres to beef up treatment here.

“A proposal to add six more centres by 2024 is being considered.

“This is subject to budget availability to develop or upgrade such facilities, ” the ministry tells Sunday Star.

On Aug 14, the World Stroke Organisation recognised five Malaysian hospitals for achieving international standards in their stroke care practices.

Such news is encouraging but the challenge remains that there aren’t enough neurologists, or specialist doctors who treat diseases involving the brain, spinal cord, nerves and muscles.

“There are 99 registered practising neurologists in Malaysia.

“Of this total, 25 are working under the ministry, 24 are with the Education Ministry while the remaining 50 are in the private sector, ” the ministry says.

But this is a far cry from the recommended ratio of one neurologist per 100,000 population.

“Now, the ratio in Malaysia stands at one neurologist per 330,303 population, ” the ministry explains.

At the current population of 32.7 million, we would need to have another 228 neurologists.

Boosting medical help


Nevertheless, more trainees are being accepted for sub-specialisation training compared to the past.

“Over the last few years, about 10 trainees were accepted annually in public hospitals under the ministry while academic hospitals accepted one to two trainees each year, ” says the Health Ministry.

Concurring about the lack of neurologists, Dr Hoo says it doesn’t help that the distribution of such specialists is uneven, with most or about 40% being based in the Klang Valley.

“There’s still a need to boost the number of stroke-ready hospitals – centres with doctors and medical teams who are trained to handle cases.

“Some states only have a handful of hospitals that can treat stroke, ” he says.

For example, Kelantan, Terengganu and Pahang each have only two stroke centres.

To address this, Dr Hoo says the Malaysia Stroke Council will be coming up with a virtual training programme to grow the pool of medical teams that are able to treat stroke.

This will help equip non-neurologists to be able to treat stroke patients and increase the number of stroke-ready hospitals.

“The council will set up an online certification programme for the theory section of the training by the end of this year.

“After going through the theory online, the doctors and the rest of the medical team will go through practical training before they can be certified to treat stroke patients, ” Dr Hoo explains.

Previously, the council had also trained non-neurologists who are likely to come across stroke cases like geriatricians, general physicians and emergency physicians.

So far, he estimates that there are 12 hospitals now operating with non-neurologists who have been trained to accept stroke cases.

In order to be a stroke-ready hospital, such hospitals need to have a physician trained to read computerised tomography (CT) scans to diagnose stroke and have neurosurgery support.

Dr Hoo says the council hopes to improve the outcome of treatment, with the aim of having 60.2% of patients being fully independent after suffering a stroke by 2024.

Currently, only 34.4% of patients are independent after the episode.

At present, the mortality rate is 8.7% for stroke but by 2024, the council hopes that it can be decreased to 5%.  

Getting more common


For now, Malaysia needs to be prepared as stroke has become more prevalent over the years.

From a prevalence rate of 0.3% among Malaysians in 2006, it jumped to 0.7% in 2011.

This is based on the Health Ministry’s National Health and Morbidity Surveys in past years.

The ministry also notes that stroke is becoming more common among young Malaysians these days.

“It’s mainly caused by the increase in non-communicable diseases (NCDs) among the younger age group, including obesity, ” it says.

With about 50,000 new cases of stroke every year, it’s also worrying that 40% of those affected are aged below 60, says the National Stroke Association of Malaysia (Nasam).

As such, Nasam rehabilitation head Tracy Chan says there is a need to have greater awareness about stroke among the young.

“It is when people are young that prevention should start.

“Educate them on healthy lifestyles and have an environment that promotes greater healthy living.

“Start them young on healthy living, work ethics and balanced lifestyles, ” she says.

Employers should also understand that staff wellbeing is just as important as a healthy balance profit and loss sheet.

“In fact, happy staff always improves the balance sheets, ” Chan quips.

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 ‘It’s not an old person’s disease 

I am 33 - and I just had a stroke | The Star

BING hit with a stroke at the age of 32 was something he did not expect at all.

For Joshua Lim Shaun Wu, it also happened when he was going through a difficult time in May last year.

He was caring for his grandfather who was admitted to hospital due to a fall.

After four days, Lim suffered a stroke and had to be admitted to hospital himself.

Sadly, his grandfather did not make it, but Lim managed to be discharged after several months of speech, occupational and physical therapy.

“I was discharged late last year with further doctor appointments every three months, ” says the former community manager and student services worker.

As the stroke impacted his communication skills, Lim says it took some time to ensure other people understood him when he tried to talk.

“We often think stroke is an ‘old person’s disease’. Well, it’s not.

“More needs to be done to inform and educate youths in Malaysia about stroke, ” he says.

Lim believes his underlying hypertension and existing medical conditions triggered the stroke.

“Also, I was stressed out – over my job, life and grandfather, ” he says.

But the incident did teach him many things – he now eats a healthier diet and monitors his blood pressure regularly.

Lim says perhaps, it was also a sign that he needed to slow down – he had spent 10 years in the United States before coming back in 2018 and immediately found a job in Malaysia within a month.

For Pang Sook Lee, 45, and a mother of three, a stroke hit her five years ago without prior signs.

“I went jogging every weekend, and had regular medical check ups, which showed good results.

“The stroke came suddenly after I didn’t get much sleep from the night before, ” she says.

Today, her left hand and leg has yet to fully recover but she is still able to do things independently.

“I can still drive my son around, go to the gym daily, buy groceries on my own and cook during weekends, ” Pang says. Having survived the stroke, she hopes others will maintain a positive mindset and never give up if they are struggling to recover from an attack. Ong Kian Leong, 45, a playground equipment salesperson, suffered a stroke when he woke up one morning in June this year and couldn’t stand up.

After his wife called the ambulance, he was rushed to the hospital.

“I’m better now but I can’t eat normally yet and the left side of my body is weak, ” he says.

“My advice to everyone is to look after their health, regardless of their age.

“Everyone should exercise and get sufficient rest, ” Ong adds.

Helping stroke survivors in a pandemic

 THE Covid-19 pandemic has made things tougher for stroke patients.


There’s been a decline in stroke admissions worldwide this year compared to the same period last year, according to the World Stroke Organization (WSO).

“The most likely explanation is that patients with mild symptoms are ignoring them and do not want to come to the hospital for evaluation because of fear of being exposed to Covid-19, ” says WSO president-elect Prof Marc Fischer in a recent statement.

A similar trend is also seen in most hospitals in Malaysia, based on a preliminary survey by the Malaysia Stroke Council.

With the Covid-19 pandemic, there are extra steps needed to be taken: the stroke patients have to be tested for the coronavirus.

“We will treat the patient first for their stroke, but admission will be in a different ward while waiting for confirmation on their Covid-19 test, ” explains council president Assoc Prof Dr Hoo Fan Kee.

The question also arises as to whether the doctor needs to wear the full PPE (personal protective equipment) or not.

“This may cause a delay. A stroke patient should receive treatment within 4.5 hours.

“After 4.5 hours, the risk of disability is increased. If treated within three hours, chances of fully recovering is higher, ” Dr Hoo says.

Some stroke patients also delayed follow-up checks or reviews at hospitals due to fears of the virus, says National Stroke Association of Malaysia (Nasam) rehabilitation head Tracy Chan.

“I have heard of urinary catheters not changed for the entire movement control order (MCO) period from March to June.

“There were other messy and unhealthy situations as a result of this pandemic, ” she says.

It doesn’t help that stroke survivors are part of the group of people that respond very poorly to Covid-19 infections.

“They also need quick access to services and medical treatment even though there is a pandemic that may kill them out there, ” Chan adds.

She says fewer stroke admissions has led WSO, of which Nasam is a member, to launch campaigns to encourage those with signs of acute stroke to rush to hospitals for emergency treatment on the onset of a stroke.

“Delaying and avoiding going to the hospital can lead to greater disability and mortality, ” she stresses.

Due to Covid-19, Chan says many non-essential services and follow ups were moved to later dates to allow the hospitals to accommodate the coronavirus cases and to put into place the standard operating procedures to reduce its spread.

“Some services like collection of medication were moved to delivery services which required a certain amount of mobile phone literacy and skill, ” she points out.

Outpatient rehabilitation services at some hospitals were suspended for a while during the MCO.

“Hence, many who were in the rehabilitation stage of stroke recovery had their progress hindered.

“When services resumed there were issues of fear while for many, there was the issue of affordability.

“Many families had reduced income and could not afford or spare the time to bring a family member for therapy, ” she adds.

With its nine centres across the country, Nasam provides rehabilitation facilities and services for stroke survivors but with the pandemic, it has been tough.

“Following the MCO, one of the first things we did was to create a helpline (018- 2221878), for our stroke community and also to serve anyone having a stroke. It has been a busy line.

“During the MCO, stroke survivors had to learn to use social media to continue with interaction.

“It was difficult for most of our stroke survivors who were already having a tough time coping with everyday struggles. The added burden of the new normal was very challenging, ” Chan describes.

Nasam lost contact with many stroke survivors especially those from the disadvantaged groups who lacked access and support to handle the social media platforms.

“Many have been affected as their recovery was halted abruptly and we were unable to undertake reviews of their progress in recovery.

“While we are still not offering our popular face-to-face group therapy session, we have started Telehealth to complement the one-on-one therapies offered at our centres and to help those not living near a Nasam centre, ” Chan adds.

Under their Telehealth programme, Nasam conducts group sessions on aerobics, exercises to improve strength and balance and qi gong for body and mind relaxation on the teleconferencing app Zoom. “Nasam believes it is essential for stroke survivors to remain as active as possible and that rehab is critical for a stroke survivor’s recovery.

“It is a trying time for Nasam and also the community at large on whom we rely to help sustain the recovery of stroke survivors and at the same time keep them safe in this pandemic, ” she says.

Nasam is also offering free rehabilitation for stroke survivors in the low income group or B40 community.

“They can receive free rehab care at Nasam centres. The participating stroke survivors will be sponsored for a period by Yayasan Hasanah.

“The rehab offer is open to only 300 participants on a first-come, first-served basis and has been running since September, ” she says.

Nasam’s centres are located in Petaling Jaya, Ampang, Melaka, Johor Baru, Kuantan, Ipoh, Penang, Kulim in Kedah and Kota Kinabalu.

For more information, call Nasam’s helpline at 018-2221878 or log on to www.nasam.org for details.

Confusion, stroke, memory loss: How coronavirus affects the brain

Damage to brain: Some people hospitalised with Covid-19, experience delirium. A few others suffer from stroke, brain haemorrhage, memory loss and other neurological symptoms.

CONFUSION, loss of smell, behavioural changes – these are some of the neurological symptoms of the novel coronavirus as witnessed in Covid-19 patients lately.

Some people, hospitalised with Covid-19, experience delirium – they are confused, disorientated and agitated. Stroke, brain haemorrhage and memory loss are some other serious impacts coronavirus has on few patients.

Robert Stevens, MD, Johns Hopkins University, estimated that at least half of the patients he’s seeing in the Covid-19 units have neurological symptoms. However, scientists are struggling to understand why the brain may be harmed due to the virus.

Stevens listed some theories by scientists researching the subject in an article.

It pointed out that several Covid-19 cases across the world can have a variety of conditions related to the brain. These include confusion, loss of consciousness, seizures, stroke, loss of smell and taste, headaches, trouble focusing and changes in behaviour.Less common peripheral nerve issues, which may lead to paralysis and respiratory failure, have also been noticed among some Covid patients. Similar symptoms have been seen in outbreaks such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), also caused by coronaviruses, another report in a leading science journal said.

How Covid-19 affects the brain


The Johns Hopkins article mentions four ways, based on current research, how Covid-19 may harm the brain. It stressed nonetheless that each “needs to be studied rigorously before any conclusions can be made”.

Severe infection: “The first possible way is that the virus may have the capacity to enter the brain and cause a severe and sudden infection, ” the article read.

It further said that some cases reported in China and Japan found the “virus’s genetic material in spinal fluid, and a case in Florida found viral particles in brain cells. This might occur due to the virus entering the bloodstream or nerve endings.”

According to the article, the loss of smell that occurs in some Covid-19 patients could indicate that the “virus entered through the olfactory bulb, which is located right above the nose and communicates information about smell to the brain”.

Immune system: The immune system is affected in an attempt to fight the novel coronavirus, producing a “maladaptive” inflammatory response that may cause much of the tissue and organ damage seen in this disease.

Physiological changes: The physiological changes induced in the body by coronavirus – ranging from high fevers to low oxygen levels to multiple organ failures – contribute to, or account for, brain dysfunction, such as delirium or coma seen in many severe Covid-19 patients.

Stroke: The blood-clotting system in Covid-19 patients with illness is highly abnormal. Clots are much more likely to occur in these patients than in others. “Clots can form in veins deep inside the body or in the lungs, where they can cut off blood flow. A stroke could occur if a blood clot were to block or narrow arteries leading to the brain.”

How common is brain damage in Covid patients?


According to a study published in The Lancet in June, research was conducted with a sample size of 125 Covid patients in the UK who had neurological or psychiatric effects.

According to the results, 62% of the sample size had experienced damage to the brain’s blood supply, such as strokes and haemorrhages, and 31% had altered mental states, such as confusion or prolonged unconsciousness – sometimes accompanied by encephalitis, the swelling of brain tissue.

Ten people, who had altered mental states, developed psychosis.

“Not all people with neurological symptoms have been seriously ill, ” the study revealed.

A similar study published in July compiled detailed case reports of 43 people with neurological complications from Covid-19.

According to Michael Zandi, a neurologist at University College London and a lead author on the study, the most common neurological effects are stroke and encephalitis.

The study revealed that some of the worst-affected patients had only mild respiratory symptoms. “This was the brain being hit as their main disease, ” says Zandi.

It is not unheard of for serious diseases to cause such effects, but the scale of the Covid-19 pandemic means that thousands or even tens of thousands of people could already have these neurological effects, and some might be facing lifelong problems as a result.

As Alysson Muotri, a neuroscientist at the University of California, San Diego, put it in science journal Nature, “The neurological symptoms are only becoming more and more scary”. — Wires

Leading cause of disability, fatality


 ACCORDING to the Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation, stroke is the third leading cause of male mortality in Malaysia after ischaemic heart disease and pneumonia, and the second leading cause of female mortality after ischaemic heart disease. Stroke is expected to become the second leading cause of mortality by 2040, according to the Global Burden of Disease report. The increasing trends of noncommunicable diseases such as diabetes, hypertension and obesity are posing substantial threats to stroke incidences in Malaysia.

On average, there are about 90 stroke admissions at Malaysian hospitals daily – with 40% comprising those aged below 60, and an average of 30 deaths owed to stroke. Almost 70% of stroke survivors live with many disabilities.

Stroke is a clinical entity characterised by a sudden disruption to brain functions through a disturbance in the brain’s blood supply. With the sudden cessation of blood supply, the brain cells receive neither adequate oxygen, nor the necessary nutrients to function – and eventually, the brain cells die.

 MSU Medical Centre consultant neurosurgeon Prof Dr Badrisyah Idris says, “There are two types of stroke – ischaemic and haemorrhagic. Occurring in 80% of stroke cases, an ischaemic stroke is owed to a narrowing of blood vessels by fat deposits or blood clots disrupting blood supply to the brain. The other 20%, owed to ruptured blood vessels, can be caused by uncontrolled high blood pressure or a weakened blood vessel wall.

“Stroke survivors suffer different deficits according to the affected brain area. They may suffer from memory and/or emotional disturbances, or be challenged by speech, vision, sensory or movement difficulties. In a transient ischaemic attack, commonly called a mini-stroke, the symptoms hit for only a few minutes or hours and then disappear. Mini-strokes happen when blood supply to the brain is interrupted only momentarily, though the chance of getting a permanent stroke within 48 hours rises tenfold and the risk remains high within the subsequent three months.

“With increasing age, the likelihood of getting an ischaemic stroke rises with the increased narrowing of blood vessels. Other factors that would lead to a stroke include smoking, obesity, alcoholism, high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol and high blood sugar. Lifestyle changes and treatment optimisation may reduce the risk of getting a stroke.”

Anyone who has had a stroke should receive treatment at a hospital within three hours after the onset of stroke signs to reduce further damage to the brain. Yet, the majority of stroke patients reach the hospital only after seven hours when the window of opportunity to save the brain has narrowed.

Recognising an onset of stroke is crucial to reducing deaths and disabilities from delayed stroke treatment. Techniques such as BE FAST help make an informed society and enable individuals to seek early stroke treatment.

• B –Balancing difficulties • E –Eye, vision disturbances • F –Facial weakness • A –Arm and/or leg weakness • S –Speech difficulties • T –Time to call an ambulance

When a person with stroke reaches the hospital, a doctor will establish the circumstances leading to the stroke event by noting the patient’s history and then performing a physical examination to identify the risks and associated deficits. A brain scan will be done to determine whether the stroke is ischaemic or haemorrhagic, and which part of the brain is involved.

Another test known as an angiography may be performed to assess the brain’s blood flow pattern and blood vessel structure.

Treatment for stroke depends on the stroke type. For ischaemic strokes, restoring blood flow to the affected area is crucial and should be carried out within four hours of the stroke’s onset. This can be done by injecting a blood-thinning medication called alteplase into a vein in the arm to dissolve blood clots inside the brain’s blood vessel.

Another technique called endovascular therapy dissolves blood clots inside the blocked brain vessel by directly injecting alteplase through a small catheter placed inside the affected blood vessel, or removes blood clots by retrieving them with a special device through a catheter placed inside the affected blood vessel.

For haemorrhagic strokes, the main goal of treatment is to control bleeding and to reduce the increased pressure in the brain. The high blood pressure has to be controlled by antihypertensive drugs, and the effect of the bloodthinning medication has to be reversed to reduce further bleeding. Ruptured blood vessels caused by cerebral aneurysms or arteriovenous malformations need to be treated by surgical intervention or endovascular

Following the stroke treatment, the recovery phase for each patient will depend on the extent of disabilities resulting from the stroke. 

 

Related:

Recognising stroke care practices - New Straits Times

 

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Sunday, July 26, 2020

Attacking the brain

Stroke kills more women than men each year but there are preventive steps you can take to minimise your risks.



IN Malaysia, strokes are the third leading cause of death for women, following heart attacks and pneumonia.

For some unknown reasons, many women choose not to join a post-stroke rehabilitation programme.

It is more deadly to women than breast cancer, and if it doesn’t kill you, can leave you with permanent disabilities.

A stroke is sometimes known as a “brain attack.”

It occurs when blood flow to a part of the brain is blocked by a blood clot or plaque, and brain cells begin to die.

Here are some facts about how strokes affect women differently from men:

> More women have strokes later in life.

> After age 85, stroke affects many more women than men.

> It is twice as common for women between 20 and 39 to have a stroke compared to men of the same age.

> Having a history of problems during pregnancy like gestational diabetes or preeclampsia.

> Using hormonal birth control while smoking.

> Being on menopausal hormone therapy during or after menopause.

> Experiencing migraines with aura, atrial fibrillation (irregular heartbeat), and diabetes.

Many strokes are preventable and treatable.

By knowing your risk factors and making healthy changes, you can minimise your risks of experiencing a stroke.

Three types of stroke

Ischemic stroke is the result of blockage of blood flow to the brain. This is the most common type of stroke, and it happens most often when a person has a blood clot or atherosclerosis, a condition when an artery is clogged with plaque

Hemorrhagic stroke, caused by bleeding into the brain.

This type of stroke happens when a blood vessel in the brain bursts, and blood bleeds into the brain.

An aneurysm, which is a thin or weak spot in an artery that can burst, is responsible for this type of stroke.

Mini-stroke, also called a transient ischemic attack or TIA, can happen when, briefly, less blood than normal flows to the brain.

TIA usually lasts only a few minutes or up to several hours. Many people aren’t even aware that they had a stroke.

Stroke affects different parts of the brain, and depending on which part, you may experience problems with speech, movement, balance, vision or memory.

Division of brain

The brain is divided into four main parts: right hemisphere; left hemisphere; the cerebellum; which controls balance and coordination; and the brain stem, which controls all of our body’s functions that we don’t think about, such as heart rate, blood pressure, sweating and digestion.

A stroke can happen in different parts of the brain.

In the right half of the brain, a stroke can cause:

> Mobility issues on the left side of your body.

> Problems with misjudging distances. This can cause falls, or inability to guide your hands to pick something up.

> Short-term memory loss. You may be able to remember events from 10 years ago, but may forget the directions to your regular grocery store.

> Misjudgement of abilities to do things and unusual behaviour such as leaving your house without getting fully dressed.

In the left half of the brain, a stroke can cause:

> Mobility issues on the right side of your body.

> Difficulty completing everyday tasks quickly.

> Trouble speaking or understanding others.

> Memory problems, or a tough time learning new things.

In the cerebellum, a stroke can cause:

> Dizziness, nausea (feeling sick to your stomach), and vomiting.

> Stiffness and tightness in the upper body that can cause spasms or jerky movements.

> Balance problems.

> Eye problems, such as blurry or double vision.

In the brain stem, strokes are most harmful.

Impulses that start in the brain must travel through the brain stem on their way to the arms and legs, so individuals that suffer a stroke in the brain stem may also develop paralysis.

Beware of these symptoms

Some women are more at risk because of certain health problems, family health history, age and habits. These are called risk factors.

There are certain risk factors that cannot be changed, such as age, race or ethnicity, or family history. The only thing that you can do is to control other stroke risk factors, such as high blood pressure, diabetes, smoking and unhealthy eating.

Common symptoms of stroke include:

> Trouble seeing in one or both eyes.

> Severe headache with no known cause.

> Trouble walking, dizziness, or loss of balance or coordination.

> Numbness or weakness of face, arm, or leg, especially on only one side of the body.

> Confusion or trouble speaking or understanding.

Recovering from stroke

The process of recovery can take a lot of time and depends on many factors, like the type of stroke you had, the area of your brain affected, and the amount of brain injury.

Recovery begins once you are medically stable, and this is within a day of suffering the stroke.

Your next steps will involve changes in everyday habits, medicines and rehabilitation.

In some cases, surgeries may be needed to lower the risk of another stroke.

The first step is to learn about your condition and what you should do during recovery.

Your doctor, nurses and physical therapist can answer questions you may have about about the treatment and rehabilitation.

The next critical step is to take steps to prevent another stroke from happening.

Stroke patients are always at a higher risk of having another down the road, so you need to:

> Identify and control your personal risk factors.

> Be consistent with your treatment plan. It is designed to help you recover from your stroke and prevent a recurrence.

> Continue taking medications even if you feel better. Discuss with your doctor before making changes. Also, determine the rehabilitation services you will need.

For unclear reasons, many women do not join a post-stroke rehabilitation programme.

After a stroke, you will often recover some function in the first few months. This is part of the body’s natural healing process.

But women who do go to stroke rehabilitation reap the following benefits:

> Regain as much independence as possible.

> Relearn skills and abilities that were damaged or lost.

> Learn to cope with any remaining limitations.

Setting a goal
Settling a goal can motivate you to measure your progress - TNS
Another important step is to set goals for your recovery.

You need to set realistic and measurable goals for recovery in every area of your life that has been affected.



Stroke recovery may be fast in the first few months, but it may slow down eventually.>>

When you set goals, it can motivate you to maintain progress.

Create a timeline for achieving long-term goals.

Take a multi-step approach for each goal and celebrate the short term wins when you gain them. And finally, don’t give up! The aftermath of a stroke can make patients feel powerless.

Part of your recovery is determining how to live as independently as possible.

Be reasonable with yourself, and be prepared to face challenges as you adapt to the differences in how your body works.

The road to stroke recovery may not be easy, but by focusing on celebrating your progress at every step, you can reach your goals.

Ensure you also have adequate nutrition and nutritional supplements to expedite the healing and recovery process.

Datuk Dr Nor Ashikin Mokhtar is a consultant obstetrician and gynaecologist, and a functional medicine practitioner. For further information, email starhealth@thestar.com.my. The information provided is for educational and communication purposes only and it should not be construed as personal medical advice. Information published in this article is not intended to replace, supplant or augment a consultation with a health professional regarding the reader’s own medical care. The Star does not give any warranty on accuracy, completeness, functionality, usefulness or other assurances as to the content appearing in this column. The Star disclaims all responsibility for any losses, damage to property or personal injury suffered directly or indirectly from reliance on such information.

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Read more:

How to recognise signs of a stroke, and what to do ...



Remember "FAST": “Face” (does the face look uneven?), “Arms” (is one arm weak or numb?), “Speech” (does the speech sound strange?), and "Time" (4.5 hours before brain damage). If you notice these signs of a stroke, get the person to a hospital as quickly as possible. — Filepi


Boosting your brain function as you age




Brain Attack (Stroke) - UCLA Neurosurgery, Los Angeles, CA



Brain Attack: Stroke or Brain Attack is a disease that involves the blood vessels that supply blood to the brain - UCLA.



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